The rising cost of olive oil over the past few years has not gone unnoticed, especially for those who follow a Mediterranean diet, where it serves as the main source of fat. In fact, the global price of olive oil has more than doubled since 2021. While many factors contribute to this trend, the impacts of climate change are becoming increasingly evident.
How Climate Change Is Challenging Olive Oil Production
Olive oil trees are surprisingly resilient. They can endure and adapt to harsh conditions and changes in their environment, including fires and floods. Take the olive tree of Vouves in Crete, Greece, as an example. This ancient tree is estimated to be more than 4,000 years old—and it still produces olives today. That’s an impressive display of resilience, yet, without intervention and ingenuity, climate change may prove devastating for this tree and the millions of hectares of olive trees across the Mediterranean—the location of some of the world’s largest producing countries like Spain, Italy, Greece, and Turkey.
The oldest olive tree in the world: Elia Vouvon
According to Jessica Fanzo, a professor of climate and food at Columbia University, the most dramatic climate-related events impacting agriculture in the Mediterranean region include prolonged droughts, heatwaves, and wildfires. “Temperatures in Europe were 0.75°C warmer over the past two years than the 1990 to 2020 average, putting increasing strain on agriculture production systems, including water needs. Global production of olive oil has decreased in recent years due to these prolonged events,” says Fanzo.
“Because most olive oil is rain-fed, prolonged droughts make it much more difficult for the soil to retain water, putting stress on the trees.” Fanzo attributes this extreme stress to the inability of some trees to fully mature—a trend with an unfortunate and less than positive outlook.
“When olive trees experience extreme heat, they drop fruit to preserve moisture and prioritize the tree’s health,” explains Cliff Little, president of Corto Olive Oil. Olives that prematurely fall from trees are often harder and smaller, making the extraction process difficult and generally producing less and lower-quality oil. This catastrophic hit to production causes a rise in prices as farmers attempt to recover.
Warmer weather brings a host of other problems for olive farmers and their groves—namely, bug infestations that either directly attack the fruits or introduce pathogens to trees. “While the more recent Bactrocera oleae infestation relationship with a changing climate is still under investigation, it is an additional shock to the olive ag system,” added Fanzo. These infestations, including the emerging Xylella fastidiosa, can have devastating effects on their host plants—tainting the oils, causing deficiencies in water, and crippling the trees’ ability to absorb vital minerals. With warmer winters becoming more frequent, farmers have less reprieve from pestilent insects that would otherwise dissipate with colder temperatures.
How Olive Oil Producers Are Adapting to Climate Change
Still, there is reason for farmers and consumers to be hopeful. Fanzo says that farmers will and are adapting. “Instituting efficient water management systems (water storage, soil moisture monitoring, etc.), considering new varietals of crops that are more drought-tolerant, scaling conservation tillage practices, and implementing cover crops will be key.”
Berk Bahceci, founder and CEO at Heraclea, has already made modifications and advancements to his farming methods in Turkey in an attempt to combat the effects of climate change and develop a more sustainable model. “We’ve seen rising temperatures, less rain, and longer periods of drought over the past five years, all of which have significantly impacted olive farming in general,” says Bahceci. “To combat these climate shifts, we apply kaolinite clay to reduce water loss and focus on rainwater harvesting to support the ecosystem.
Water is life—not just for irrigation but for building a healthy, thriving environment around our trees. By encouraging animals to graze, we manage weeds naturally and enrich the soil, ensuring our groves prosper without chemicals or artificial irrigation.”
Dimitris Papadakis Jr, turns the valve on a container that is connected to a small generator, to water an olive grove in the village
In San Joaquin County, California, where the climate closely mirrors that of the Mediterranean, olive oil farmers face a similar situation. “One of the biggest impacts of climate change in California is water availability,” says Little. “It’s one of California’s most precious and endangered resources. Corto’s olive groves use 100% drip irrigation and soil- and water moisture-monitoring probes to increase efficiency and reduce water evaporation.” Additional sustainable initiatives at Corto include high-efficiency planting methods and the installation of solar panels to power operations. On another positive note, Little says that olive trees store more CO2 than the olive oil production process emits.
The Challenges Don’t Stop at Climate Change
It appears that olive oil producers may yet adapt to the effects of climate change, but there are more issues to overcome. “While climate change is a major factor, unsustainable practices like monocropping and excessive use of herbicides and pesticides worsen land degradation,” says Bahceci. “High-density olive farms, particularly in Spain, exploit limited water resources and contribute to the global strain on agricultural ecosystems.” Additionally, unethical practices, including rampant fraud and theft, indicate that the olive oil industry has a long way to go.
Tags:
agriculture, climate adaptation, climate change, farming challenges, food production, Mediterranean diet, olive oil, olive trees, pest infestations, sustainability, water management
GCT Team
This article was researched and written by a GCT team member.